![]() ![]() The first artistic description dates back to 1315, when Dante Alighieri reported having seen fortune tellers and diviners punished in the Inferno (Circle eight, Bolgia four), by the divine law or retaliation for having looked too far forward, with their head twisted backwards ( 2):Īnd when I looked down from their faces, I saw ![]() Cervical dystonia, the most prevalent dystonia type, has been the object of some famous literary portrayals. Therefore, it is not surprising that artists have reported the feature of dystonia before doctors were able to categorize its striking phenomenology. Issues and inconsistencies in this lumping effort are discussed, and the currently unmet needs are critically reviewed.ĭystonia has been defined by Denny-Brown as “the most striking and grotesque of all neurological disorders” ( 1). ![]() Papers describing features of dystonia and diagnostic criteria are critically analyzed and put into historical perspective. This review describes the history leading to recognize that focal dystonia syndromes are a coherent clinical set encompassing cranial dystonia (including blepharospasm), oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic torticollis, truncal dystonia, writer’s cramp, and other occupational dystonias. Lumping and splitting exercises have characterized this area of knowledge, and it remains largely unclear how many dystonia types we are to count. We review here the early descriptions and the historical establishment of a consensus on the clinical phenomenology and the diagnostic features of dystonia syndromes. Literary reports on dystonia date back to post-Medieval times. 2Department of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.1Department of Neurology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.Corso, who was directly involved in the process at the time, describes in his book, which was published shortly before his death, what really happened then. Many interviews with people who were involved in the incident in 1947 suggest that it was or is a large-scale cover-up by the US government, as the whole incident has been denied to this day.įormer US Colonel Philip J. Was the military expert really wrong and mistaken a weather balloon for a UFO or is the American government still trying to cover up the incident? The next day the incident appeared in almost every American newspaper.Ī day later, however, the military issued a second press release stating that they were wrong and that in reality the wreckage was just a crashed weather balloon. On July 8, 1947, the American military issued a press release in which it was announced to the public that the military had recently recovered wreckage from a UFO near the American town of Roswell. Corso, a former colonel in the American military and describes how the American government came into possession of a UFO in 1947 and the incident to this day denied. ![]() The day after Roswell was written by Philip J. ![]()
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